Examining the accuracy and in-game performance effects between pre- and post-performance routines: A mixed methods study

1 Objectives: Researchers have identified that pre-performance routines improve performance 2 under pressure, yet have not investigated the effects of post-performance routines. Thus, the 3 purpose of the current study was to examine whether the type of performance routine training 4 could improve tenpin bowling accuracy and in-game performance. 5 Design: A mixed-method design was adopted, whereby the impact of a performance routine 6 intervention on performance accuracy and in-game performance was examined. This was 7 followed by participants completing semi-structured interviews which explored the perceived 8 effect of those routines. 9 Method: Thirty-six experienced tenpin bowlers completed 30 accuracy shots preand post10 intervention training, with league scores obtained for in-game performance comparison. Four 11 groups (i.e., pre-performance routine [PPR], post-performance routine [POST], combined pre12 post routine, and a control group) practiced 12 games across four weeks while listening to the 13 group specific routine instruction on an IPod. 14 Results: It was noted that accuracy improved (albeit non-significantly) for the PPR and combined 15 pre-post routine group, but not the other groups. Critically, all intervention groups (PPR, POST 16 & COMBO) improved in-game performance. The qualitative data indicated that both the PPR 17 and POST was perceived to influence positively performance, attentional and emotional control, 18 self-awareness, self-confidence, motivation. The PPR was also considered to enhance a state of 19 readiness, and perceived control. 20 Conclusions: Results indicate that the PPR training enhanced accuracy and in-game 21 performance, with the POST training acting as a supportive role for in-game performance as 22 evidenced by the qualitative and quantitative data. Future research should continue to investigate 23 the effects of POSTs. 24 M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT ED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Examining the accuracy and in-game performance effects... 2